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Wikipedia [note 3] is a multilingual free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers through open collaboration and a wiki -based editing system. Its editors are known as Wikipedians. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. Sanger coined its name as a blend of wiki and encyclopedia. Its combined editions comprise more than 60 million articles, attracting around 2 billion unique device visits per month and more than 17 million edits per month 1.
Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledgeextent of coverage, unique structure, culture, and reduced degree of commercial bias; but criticism for exhibiting systemic biasparticularly gender bias against women and alleged ideological читать далее. In AprilFacebook and YouTube announced that they would help users detect fake news by suggesting fact-checking links to related Wikipedia articles.
Articles on breaking news are often accessed as a source of frequently updated information about those events. Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. The domains wikipedia. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing.
Language editions were created beginning in Marchwith a total of in use by the end of The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9,making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made during the Ming Dynasty inwhich had held the record for almost years.
Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in Augustthe growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early In Novembera researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49, editors during the first three months of ; in comparison, it lost only 4, editors during the same period in In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was “stable and sustainable”.
The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. In JanuaryWikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. With This marked a significant increase over Januarywhen Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around Init received eight billion page views every очень enter joystick driver for windows 10 free правы. On January 20,Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia’s growth stalled, it “had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.
There was a decline of about two billion between December продолжить December Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost nine percent. In JanuaryWikipediaan asteroidwas named after Wikipedia; in OctoberWikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; and, in Julyof the 7, page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia.
In Aprilan Israeli lunar landerBeresheetcrash landed нажмите чтобы прочитать больше the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download the plates likely survived the crash.
As of November взято отсюда, 55, Wikipedia English articles have been cited 92, times in scholarly journals, [68] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the procrastination principle [note 4] regarding the security of its content. Due to Wikipedia’s increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases.
For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download. In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains “stable versions” of articles [77] which have passed certain reviews.
Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the “pending changes” system in December Although adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers Wikipedia provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others.
Each article’s History page links to each revision. Anyone can view the latest changes to articles, and anyone registered may maintain a “watchlist” of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. Ineconomics Ph. Any change or edit that manipulates content in a way that deliberately compromises Wikipedia’s integrity is considered keyboard driver for windows 10 64 bit hp free download. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.
Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but ссылка на продолжение information, can be more difficult to detect.
Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page’s title or categorization, manipulate the article’s underlying code, or use images disruptively. Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. In the Seigenthaler biography incidentan anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in Mayfalsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F.
Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. InDaniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, Tosh. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.
Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as “edit warring”. Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws in particular, copyright laws of the United States and of the US state of Virginiawhere the majority of Wikipedia’s servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the “Five pillars” and in numerous приведенная ссылка and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.
Originally, продолжить on the non-English adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.
Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as “verifiability, not truth” to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.
Wikipedia’s initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rightsgranting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for ” adminship “, [] [] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.
Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.
Byfewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia’s earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a “request for comment”. Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field.
Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers. The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.
Statistical analyses suggest that the committee can digital for windows the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.
Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies for example, if нажмите для деталей new content is considered biased.
When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings. Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated “talk” page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. Wikipedia’s community has been described as cultlike[] although not always with entirely negative connotations.
Wikipedians sometimes award one another “virtual barnstars” for good adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work. Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.
The English Wikipedia has 6, articles, 44, registered editors, andactive editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions.
Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a “baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references”. A study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that “anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia A study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [] [] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.
Several studies have shown that most Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Browngave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.
Distribution of the 60, articles windows 10 command environment variables download different language editions as of December 10, []. There are currently language editions of Продолжить чтение also called language versionsor simply Wikipedias.
The latter are both languages of the Philippines. In addition to adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download top adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each RussianSpanishItalianEgyptian ArabicPolish adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download, JapaneseChineseVietnameseWarayUkrainian windows 10 command prompt not opening, Arabic and Portugueseseven more have overarticles Adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free downloadCatalanSerbianIndonesianKoreanNorwegian and Finnish44 more have over , and 82 more have over 10, Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries as is the case for the English edition.
These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences e. Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as “neutral point of view”, they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use. Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as “an effort to create and distribute a free adobe acrobat xi standard serial number keygen free download of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language”.
They are coordinated in part by Vmware 8.5 documentation free, the Wikimedia Foundation’s wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects Wikipedia and others. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available http://replace.me/23830.txt more than one language may offer “interwiki links”, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.
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